Comparison of PCR and pap smear methods in diagnosis of human papiloma virus [HPV] in women with genital warts

Much research has shown that Human Papiloma Virus [HPV] plays an important role in cervix cancer and it is the cause of 99% of cervix cancer worldwide. Lots of research has been done to find a proper method for HPV diagnosis and screening in patients with genital warts. This study aimed at comparing PCR method with Pap smear test in HPV screening. Considering the presence of DNA of HPV, 45 vaginal and cervix swap samples of women with genital warts were tested by means of specific PCR and Pap smear from September 2010 to April 2011. Out of 45 vaginal and cervix swap samples of women suffering genital warts, 37 samples [82.2%] are positive. Of 45 Pap smear samples, 13 [29%] are neoplasia and 32 [71%] normal. The difference between the results of PCR and Pap smear is due to low specification and sensitivity of Pap smear. Thus it is recommended using diagnostic PCR method in addition to Pap smear in order to promote the quality of screening in individuals with genital warts

[Complete hydatidiform mole in triple pregnancy with coexistent two live fetuses [a case report]]

With the widespread use of ovulation induction regimen multiple pregnancy may occur more often and, thus, attention has been drawn to the increased possibility of multiple pregnancy with one or two normal fetuses and placenta and the other appearing as a complete or partial mole following a variety of different methods of assisted reproduction. Management of this condition is extremely challenging, especially when the pregnancy is highly desired and there is a significant risk of severe complications. A 28-yearold female, gravida1- para0 who presented with 8 years of primary infertility [as a result of ovulatory dysfunction] was referred to Alzahra Educational Center at 34 weeks of gestation with the ultrasound diagnosis of a twin pregnancy [the fetuses were female]. The current pregnancy had been conceived during the 2-3 cycle of superovulation with clomiphene- HMG and IUI. She had a history of hypothyrodism for 8 years and was controlled with levothyroxin. At 34 weeks of gestation due to active uterine contractions that made further conservative management impossible, the pregnancy was terminated by cesarean section. Two female fetuses both without malformations were delivered. Following delivery of fetuses, one placenta had normal appearance and was completely removed. The second one, molar tissues containing numerous vesicles, were delivered and microscopic examination confirmed the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole and placental hemangioma. In pregnant women following infertility treatment, close surveillance is certainly needed to evaluate the probability of coexistence of molar pregnancy

[Assessment of the causes and risk factors associated with neonatal mortality based on international coding diseases]

Neonatal mortality is one of the important indices of development for every nation. The first step to promote this index is determining respective causes which are dependent on numerous factors and are not the same in different centers. To determine the causes and risk factors of neonatal mortality in AL-Zahra hospital, Rasht, northern Iran, from 2006 to 2011, according to international coding diseases. This cross sectional retrospective study was conducted on 643 dead neonates among 23796 live births. Sex, birth weight, mode of delivery, gestational age, Apgar score and causes of death were assessed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 15. The commonest cause of mortality was respiratory distress syndrome [RDS] [61.6%]. The second cause was congenital abnormalities [7.9%]. As revealed, 89/9% of the dead neonates were premature and the remaining ones were term [p=0.0001]. Most of the dead cases had birth weight under 2.5 KG and died in the first 24h after birth. These neonates were born by cesarean section and were with first and fifth apgar scores below 7. [In all the above-mentioned findings P= 0.0001]. Since most dead neonates were premature and with low birth weights, and the most frequent cause of death was RDS, it is necessary to expand prenatal care, NICU and neonatal ward facilities all around the northern province

Association of some working factors and menstrual function among nurses

A regular menstrual cycle is the result of regular feedback systems, involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and ovaries. Some factors including age, smoking, weight, exercise, race, psychotic condition, work-time hours, work stress, life satisfaction, menarche age, education, marital status and diet may affect menstrual function. Association of menstrual function with working factors among nurses. This is a cross-section survey among nurses of Poursina, Razi, Heshmat Hospitals. 330 questionnaires were given them. It was include of menstrual function [such as: menstrual cycle length, bleeding days, regularity of menstrual cycle, dysmenorrheal] and some working factors [such as: work hours, shift work, working place]. Questionnaires were collected in two consequentive months, and then the data were analyzed by SPSS 14; ANNOVA and Chi-square test. 307 questionnaires filled, 259 nurses had dysmenorrheal [86.04%], 51 abnormal bleeding days [17%].59abnormal cycle length [19.6%] and 60 irregular cycle [19.9%] in our study work -time hours was associated with dysmenorrhea [p=0.004], working place and shift work with bleeding day [p=0.001], and other factors were not associated. Dysmenorrhea and bleeding days were influenced by some factors such as work hours, work place and shift work

[Knowledge of post partum women about oral health]

Hormonal changes during pregnancy predispose women to gingivitis. Developed periodental infections during pregnancy caused problems for uterus and placenta and increased probable of preterm deliveries. To determine postpartum womens knowledge about oral health, and association between oral health and pregnancy outcomes and other related factors which use as dental health services during pregnancy. We carried out our research in the only teaching maternity center for gynecologic and midwifery in Rasht. The research tool was a researcher made questionnaire that made from integration of similar questionnaires which were used in Kuwait, England, and USA. The questionnaires completed by midwifery graduates in face to face interviewing. The studied population was 306 women [24-48 hours after deliveries] six women were extrcted. Data was analyzed by SPSS [version 16] and presented as descriptive statistics; and Pearson correlation coefficient test as appropriate. There was a significant difference between blood pressure and pre-eclamptic situation in women with dental problems group [p=0.048]. The pre-eclamptic conditions in women with dental problems group were 7 cases among 117 women [6%] and in women with no dental problems group were 23 cases 183 women [12.5%].Knowledge about oral health importance and teeth brushing habit were found less than other population; and dental problem more than other population. So suggested to conducting longitudinal studies accompanied with oral examinations before or during pregnancies to determine serious problems including periodentitis

[Prenatal outcomes in high risk pregnancies according to biophysical profile without non-stress test]

Introduction: the biophysical profile is one of the best methods of assessment of fetal well-being and prediction of adverse prenatal outcomes. Non stress test is a part of biophysical profile which had a high rate of false positive and decreased the score of biophysical profile that resulted to increase cesarean rate due to early intervention for termination of pregnancy

Objective: prenatal outcomes in high risk pregnancies with abnormal biophysical profile score without Non stress test

Materials and Methods: this c ross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 1000 women with high risk pregnancy who was admitted in Alzahra hospital for delivery. Information about variables were found according the contents of their files such as maternal age, gestational age, parity, cesarean rate, 1 and 5 minutes Apgar score <7, fetal heart abnormalities rate, meconium passage, low birth weight, fetal and neonatal death, and preterm labour. The score of biophysical profile 6-8 was considered normal and score <6 were considered abnormal. Data were analyzed by SPSS 11.5 and chi-square and Fisher Exact Test. P<0.05 was considered significant

Results: 1000 pregnant women with high risk pregnancy were evaluated in this study. 24.9% of them had biophysical profile score less than 6 which had considered abnormal. The comparison of the two groups showed that the rate of cesarean section, 1 and 5 min Apgar score < 7, fetal heart abnormalities rate, preterm delivery, and neonatal mortality rate were higher than in abnormal group [P<0.001]. But there weren't statistical significant differences between low birth weight, meconium passage, and fetal death in two groups

Conclusion: the biophysical profile without non stress test can be predicted poor prenatal outcomes in high risk pregnancies

[Survey the association between maternal age and pregnancy outcome]

Introduction: Age of mother at pregnancy can be one of the main risk factors for hazardous outcome of pregnancy

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between the maternal age and the outcome of pregnancy

Materials and Methods: this is descriptive cross-sectional analytic study that pregnancy outcome in women presenting to Alzahra hospital for delivery was assessed variable studied included enduced hypertension and diabetes in placental complication placenta abruption, placental previa preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes [PROM] was divided into 3 groups based on age /=35. Pregnant women in two groups: 17-34 and >/=35 were matched according to parity. Data collection analysis was carried out with chi-square test by SPSS.9 software

Results: In this survey, 6045 pregnant women with gestational age over 20 weeks were studied. Frequency of delivered women according to age group showed that 52 cases [%0.8] were /=35.Data showed that there were significant differences between the three age groups and the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, placental abruption, placental previa, PROM, mal presentation, preterm labor and cesarean section [P<0/05]. In contrast, there wasn't a statistically significant difference between advanced maternal age and the frequency of PROM P>0/05

Conclusion: It appears that pregnancy in age >/=35 comparing with teenage pregnancy has special risk factors. Awareness of the risks and complications has an important role planning for appropriate prenatal services

[Survey of the level of concordance between HSG hysterosalpigography and laparoscopy in diagnosis of tubo-peritoneal factors in infertile women]

Introduction: The HSG is a noninvasive method for tubal assessment in infertile couple and is used as screening test, but laparoscopy is the “gold standard” of tubal disease diagnosis, but it is not used as screening test due to its invasiveness and it's only used in special circumstances. Due to different results about concordance between these two methods, this study was undertaken

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess concordance between HSG and laparoscopy for tubal disease

Material and Methods: This is a prospective study and laparoscopy was done on 200 patients who underwent HSG for assessment of tubal disease from 1999-2002 in Alzahra hospital and then the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of HSG in tubal obstructive, hydrosalpinx and peritoneal adhesion was assessed. At last the concordance between two procedures was calculated

Results: The mean age was 28.5 +/- 5.1.The mean duration of infertility was 3.8 +/- 3.1 years. The results showed that the sensitivity and specificity of HSG in tubal obstruction and concordance with laparoscopy are 60%, 81% and 36% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of HSG in hydrosalpinx and concordance with laparoscopy are 23%, 95% and 23% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of HSG in peritoneal adhesions, endometriosis and concordance with laparoscopy are 37%, 79% and 17% respectively

Conclusion: Our results showed the HSG isn't an accurate procedure for diagnosis of tubo-peritoneal pathology, It seems that not doing HSG by only one radiologist can intervene with the result because of different radiologist's experience in taking film and reports of graphy, therefore it can lead to false interpretation. It's suggested that another study for completing these results be carried out

[Assessment of prevalence and risk factors associated with early post- partum hemorrhage in cesarean deliveries]

Introduction: one of the most important cause of mortality in parturients is early postpartum severe hemorrhage that accounts for 28% of maternal death

Objective: the aim of this study was to determine prevalence of postpartum hemorrhage in cesarean section and requirement of blood transfusion during 24 hours after operation

Materials and Methods: this was a cross sectional study that performed among patients who underwent cesarean section at Alzahra Hospital in Rasht in 2000. Selection of 1600 records out of 3200 records by systematic Randomization was the base of this study. Of these, 100 records were omitted because of poor information and the rest [1500 records] were considered with these variables: blood transfusion requirements, kind of anesthesia, amnionitis, kind of uterine incision and labor abnormalities. Test of chi-square has been used for making a comparison between two groups, namely those requiring blood transfusion and those who didn't need it

Results: our study showed that incidence of early postpartum hemorrhage in cesarean deliveries was 2.26 percent and it was similar to other studies and the risk factors associated with early postpartum hemorrhage were pre-eclampsia, labor abnormalities and general anesthesia

Conclusion: considering the results obtained, women with preeclampsia or labor abnormalities or receiving general anesthesia, were at higher risk of early severe hemorrhage after cesarean section. Thus, the hospital should be well- equipped in dealing with such high- risk patients

[Survey of placental weight and associated factors]

Introduction: placenta is essential for normal fetal development. Failure of the placenta can result in many fetal conditions. Placental development and function can be assessed by a number of methods, including measurement of placental weight

Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate survey of placental weight and associated factors

Materials and Methods: in this study pregnant, women with singleton pregnancy and gestational age between 37-42 weeks delivered following complicated or no complicated pregnancies were included in a cross-sectional study. Also the patients were categorized into high placental weight [>750gr], normal placental weight [330-750gr] and low placental weight]<330gr]. The placental weight, birth weight, maternal age, gestational age, parity, preeclampsia, history of maternal diabetes, route of delivery, infants' gender and Apgar score were recorded and analyzed with chi2 test

Results: 1088 patients were included in this study. The mean maternal age was25.35+/-5.6 and gestational age at delivery was 274.51+/-9.56 days. The mean weight of birth and placental weight were 3214.28+/-529, 529.72+/-113 respectively. The prevalence rates of low and high placental weight were 2% and 2.8% respectively. There were statistically significant relationships between placental weight and birth weight, fetal distress, Apgar score, maternal diabetes, preeclampsia and kind of delivery. [P<0/05]

Conclusion: in this study, it was seen that placental weight can be related to some important variables that influence some maternal and neonatal outcomes. Therefore, attention to placenta and its growth during pregnancy, for example by sonography can guide us in providing neonatal health and even can be the base of preventive medicine. It appears that placental weight lower than 330gr can be a warning